taptap点点体育官方网站高級合夥人受邀獨家撰寫錢伯斯《2023大中華區法律指南-TMT：媒體與娛樂概覽》

受國際權威法律評級機構錢伯斯（Chambers & Partners）邀請，taptap点点体育官方网站高級合夥人郭春飛、董媛媛律師爲其獨家撰寫錢伯斯《2023大中華區法律指南-TMT(科技、傳媒、通信行業) 概覽：媒體與娛樂》Greater China Region-CHINA: An Introduction to TMT: Media & Entertainment (PRC Firms)。

下述爲文章全文：

TMT(科技、傳媒、通信行業) 概覽：媒體與娛樂

Introduction to TMT: Media and Entertainment 

中國的媒體和娛樂行業正朝着更加數字化和標準化的方向發展。關鍵數字技術的創新和應用飛速發展，這反過來又推動了行業的數字化轉型。與此同時，法律法規的日益完善也爲該行業的未來繪製了美好藍圖。因此，行業從業者面臨着前所未有的機遇和挑戰。

China’s media and entertainment industry is developing towards a more digitised and standardised form. The innovation and application of key digital technologies is accelerating, which in turn is driving the digital transformation of the industry. At the same time, the improvement of laws and regulations paints a rosy picture of the industry’s future. As a result, industry practitioners face unprecedented opportunities and challenges.

機遇與挑戰

在數字化時代，數字經濟的產生和數字社會的創建爲媒體和娛樂業的數字轉型和發展提供了動力。大力支持的相關業務包括但不限於數字創意、在線視聽服務、數字出版、數字娛樂、在線演出和廣播等。例如，電視節目正在探索虛擬主持人的可能性，圖書館和博物館正在推出在線展覽和發佈 NFT 數字藏品，音樂也更多地通過數字方式傳播。數字技術推動了電影、電視、旅遊、音樂等衆多傳統行業的轉型。過去一年，中國經濟仍受到新冠病毒的影響。由於防疫政策，許多線下娛樂活動無法舉行，這加快了行業的數字化發展，促進了行業的數字化轉型。

與此同時，隨着網絡空間與社會的深度融合，加強網絡安全也成爲一個重要問題。完善網絡安全相關法律法規、建設信息保護基礎設施的工作也在緊鑼密鼓地進行。例如，《中華人民共和國網絡安全法》修正案草案已於 2022 年發佈。該修正案規定了進一步的禁止性條款，調整了相關處罰的力度，並完善了與個人信息保護法的銜接。

Opportunities and Challenges 

In the digital era, the creation of a digital economy and a digital society provides the driving force for the digital transformation and development of the media and entertainment industry. Relevant businesses that are strongly supported include, but are not limited to, digital creativity, online audio-visual services, digital publishing, digital entertainment, and online performance and broadcasting. For example, television shows are exploring the possibility of virtual hosts, libraries and museums are launching online exhibitions and releasing NFT digital collections, and music is more often distributed digitally. Digital technology has promoted the transformation of many traditional industries, such as film, television, tourism, and music. In the past year, China's economy was still affected by the pandemic. Due to pandemic prevention policies, many live entertainment events could not be held, which accelerated the digital development of the industry and promoted its digital transformation.

In the meantime, as cyberspace and society become more deeply integrated, strengthening cybersecurity has also become an important issue. Efforts to improve laws and regulations relating to cybersecurity and the creation of information protection infrastructure are also in full swing. For example, the draft of the amendment of Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China was released in 2022. The amendment provides for further prohibitions, adjusts the severity of relevant penalties, and improves the connection with the Personal Information Protection law.

網絡新業態版權管理

隨着 "劇本殺"、"密室逃脫 "等新興消費業態的興起，產業鏈逐步完善。隨着編劇、發行商、演員、門店商家、垂直平臺的參與，產業規模將不斷擴大。預計到 2025 年，劇本殺的市場規模將達到 448.1 億元人民幣。爲規範行業發展，文化和旅遊部等五部委於 2022 年 6 月聯合下發了《關於加強劇本娛樂經營場所管理的通知》。《通知》指出，經營場所必須建立內容自審制度，對劇本腳本以及表演、場景、道具、服飾等進行內容自審，確保內容合法。

Establishing Administrative Management for New Industries

With the rise of new consumer formats such as ‘murder mysteries’ and ‘escape rooms’, the industry chain has gradually improved. The industry scale will be continuously expanded along with the participation of script writers, distributors, actors, store merchants, and vertical platforms. It is estimated that the market size of murder mysteries will be CNY44.81 billion by 2025. To regulate the industry, five ministries including the Ministry of Culture and Tourism jointly issued the Notice on Strengthening the Management of Script Entertainment Business Venues in June 2022. The Notice pointed out that a content self-review system must be established by the business venues to review scripts, performances, scenes, props, and costumes to ensure that the content is legal.

嚴格網絡版權監管

2022 年 9 月至 11 月，國家版權局等部門聯合開展了 "劍網 2022 "行動，既規範發展，又嚴懲不貸。此次行動以網絡視頻、網絡音樂、網絡文學、網絡新聞、線上直播等多個領域爲重點，打擊網絡侵權盜版行爲。

自 2022 年 6 月 1 日起，廣電總局正式對網絡劇頒發行政許可。《網絡劇片發行許可證》的正式啓用，讓創作者有了更強的社會責任感，也對選題和內容提出了更高的標準和更嚴格的審查。"網絡標準 "正在爲網絡視聽行業創造良好的發展機制，推動整個行業實現高質量發展。

Strict Supervision of Internet Copyright 

From September to November 2022, the National Copyright Administration and other departments jointly ran the “Jianwang 2022” campaign, providing both standardised development and strict punishments. The campaign combated online copyright infringement and piracy, focusing on online video, online music, online literature, online news, online livestreaming, and many other areas.

The State Administration of Radio, Film and Television has officially issued administrative licences for online dramas since 1st June 2022. The official launch of the Network Drama Release Licence gives creators a stronger sense of social responsibility, and also puts forward higher standards and stricter examination of the selection of themes and content. "Network standard" is creating a sound development mechanism for the online audio-visual industry, driving the entire industry to achieve high-quality development.

NFT (非同質化通證)數字收藏受到寒潮衝擊

2022 年 8 月，騰訊幻核宣佈停止發行 NFT 數字館藏，用戶可選擇繼續持有或申請退款。2022 年 9 月，騰訊音樂旗下 TME NFT 數字合集幾近關停，產品長期無更新。近期，NFT數字合集遭遇寒潮，行業已顯露出困境。除了版權問題，NFT的金融風險也需要防範。

例如，2022年4月，中國互聯網金融協會等部門聯合發佈了《關於防範NFT相關金融風險的倡議》，提出了相關行爲規範，避免金融投機亂象。此次寒潮也預示着嚴監管的趨勢。相關政策法規有望確保 NFT 數字藏品的良好發展。

NFT Digital Collection Hit by Cold Wave 

In August 2022, Tencent Magic Core announced that it would stop publishing NFT digital collections, and users could choose to keep them or apply for a refund. In September 2022, Tencent Music’s TME NFT digital collection was nearly shut down, with no product updates for a long time. The NFT digital collection was recently hit by a cold wave, and the industry has shown signs of trouble. In addition to copyright issues, the financial risks of NFTs also need to be guarded against.

For example, in April 2022 the National Internet Finance Association of China and other departments jointly issued the “Initiative on Preventing NFT-Related Financial Risks”, which provides relevant codes of conduct to avoid financial speculation and chaos. The cold wave this time also heralds the trend of strict supervision. Relevant policies and regulations are expected to ensure a good development of NFT digital collections.

整頓網絡直播

提高道德修養和精神風貌，已成爲傳媒娛樂業提升文化軟實力的建設重點。行業從業者和相關部門都在着力提升自身道德形象，以確保公衆人物成爲道德楷模。

直播電商發展迅速。然而，隨着行業的快速發展，許多問題也逐漸浮現，比如主播的稅務問題，以及直播違法或低俗內容等。因此，業界呼籲加強監管和治理。2022 年 6 月發佈的《網絡主播行爲規範》規定了主播在網絡視聽節目中不得有的行爲底線。文件還明確，主播應堅持正確的價值導向，履行法定納稅義務。網絡平臺和經紀機構也應積極履行職責，加強對主播的培訓和管理。行業自律與外部監督的協調，有利於行業的有序發展。

Rectification of Network Livestreaming 

Improving moral accomplishment and spiritual outlook has become the focus of the construction of the media and entertainment industry in order to enhance its cultural soft power. Industry practitioners and relevant departments are focusing on improving their moral image in order to ensure that public figures become moral role models.

Livestream e-commerce is developing rapidly. However, with the rapid growth of the industry, many problems have been emerging, such as hosts’ tax issues as well as illegal or vulgar content. Therefore, the industry has called for stricter supervision and governance. The “Code of Conduct for Network Hosts” released in June 2022 stipulates the bottom line of behaviours that are prohibited for hosts during online audio-visual performances. The document also clarifies that hosts should adhere to correct guidance and fulfil their legal tax obligations. Network platforms and brokerage agencies should also actively fulfil their responsibilities and strengthen the training and management of hosts. The coordination of industry self-discipline and external supervision is conducive to the orderly development of the industry.

因疫情而取消的演出

近年來，疫情一直是一個常見話題，毫無疑問，媒體和娛樂行業也受到了疫情的嚴重影響。比如，電影、電視劇的上映時間經常延遲，劇場的上座率總是受到嚴格限制，電影、電視劇的拍攝也經常被迫推遲，這些都會給行業從業者帶來不小的損失。這種不可抗力是無法避免的，因此應在合同中明確相關條款，儘量減少損失。合同中還應包括詳細的條款，重點說明可能造成的影響、雙方的義務以及後續解決方案。

經濟和社會的發展促進了媒體和娛樂產業的繁榮。行業的規範發展也需要完善配套的法律法規。在當今的經濟、社會和法律背景下，行業面臨着各種機遇和挑戰。行業從業者應抓住機遇，遵守相關法律法規，實現更好的發展。

Performance Cancellation Due to the Epidemic 

The epidemic has been a constant topic in recent years, and there is no doubt that the media and entertainment industry has been seriously affected by it. For example, the release of movies and dramas is often delayed, theatre attendance is always strictly controlled, and the shooting of movies and TV dramas is also often delayed, all of which will cause considerable losses to industry practitioners. Such force majeure cannot be avoided, so relevant clauses should be clearly specified in the contract in order to minimise losses. The contract should also include detailed clauses focusing on the possible impact, the obligations of both parties, and subsequent solutions.

The prosperity of the media and entertainment industry is promoted by economic and social development. The standardised development of the industry also needs the improvement of supporting laws and regulations. In today’s economic, social and legal context, the industry faces various opportunities and challenges. Industry practitioners should seize the opportunities and abide by relevant laws and regulations in order to achieve better development.